For the first time, it has been possible to produce functional OLED electrodes from graphene. The process was developed by Fraunhofer researchers in Germany together with partners from industry and research. The OLEDs can, for example, be integrated into touch displays, and the miracle material graphene promises many other applications for the future including photovoltaics (PV).
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The Fraunhofer Institute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP from Dresden, Germany, together with partners, has succeeded for the first time in producing organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) electrodes from graphene. The electrodes have an area of 2 × 1 square centimetres.
This was a real breakthrough in research and integration of extremely demanding materials, said FEP’s project leader Dr Beatrice Beyer.
The process was developed and optimized in the EU-funded project “Graphene Layers: Production, Characterisation and Integration” (Gladiator) together with partners from industry and research.
Graphene – a miracle material
Graphene is considered a new miracle material. The advantages of the carbon compound are impressive: graphene is light, transparent, and extremely hard and has more tensile strength than steel.
Moreover, it is flexible and extremely conductive for heat or electricity.
Graphene consists of a single layer of carbon atoms which are assembled in a kind of honeycomb pattern. It is only 0.3 nanometers (nm) thick, which is about one hundred thousandth of a human hair.
Graphene has a variety of applications – for example, as a touchscreen in smartphones.
The chemical reaction of copper, methane, and hydrogen
The production of the OLED electrodes takes place in a vacuum. In a steel chamber, a wafer plate of high-purity copper is heated to about 800 degrees.
The research team then supplies a mixture of methane and hydrogen and initiates a chemical reaction. The methane dissolves in the copper and forms carbon atoms, which spread on the surface.
This process only takes a few minutes. After a cooling phase, a carrier polymer is placed on the graphene, and the copper plate is etched away.
The Gladiator project was launched in November 2013. The Fraunhofer team is working on the next steps until the project conclusion in April 2017. During the remainder of the project, impurities and defects which occur during the transfer of the wafer-thin graphene to another carrier material are to be minimized.
The project is supported by the EU Commission with a total of EUR 12.4 million. The Fraunhofer Institute’s important industrial partners are the Spanish company Graphenea S.A., which is responsible for the production of graphene electrodes, as well as the British Aixtron Ltd., which is responsible for the construction of the production of CVD reactors.
Applications from photovoltaics to medicine
The first products could already be launched in two to three years, said Dr Beyer with confidence.
Due to their flexibility, the graphene electrodes are ideal for touch screens. They do not break when the device drops to the ground. Instead of glass, one would use a transparent polymer film.
Many other applications are also conceivable: in windows, the transparent graphene could regulate light transmission or serve as an electrode in polarisation filters.
Graphene can also be used in photovoltaics, high-tech textiles, and even in medicine.
